Behavioral effects of endogenous or exogenous estradiol and progesterone on cocaine sensitization in female rats

Cocaine sensitization is a marker for some facets of addiction, is greater in female rats, and may be influenced by their sex hormones. We compared the modulatory effects of endogenous or exogenous estradiol and progesterone on cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization in 106 female rats. Ovariectomized female rats received progesterone (0.5 mg/mL), estradiol (0.05 mg/mL), progesterone plus estradiol, or the oil vehicle. Sham-operated control females received oil. Control and acute subgroups received injections of saline, while the repeated group received cocaine (15 mg/kg, ip) for 8 days. After 10 days, the acute and repeated groups received a challenge dose of cocaine, after which locomotion and stereotypy were monitored. The estrous cycle phase was evaluated and blood was collected to verify hormone levels. Repeated cocaine treatment induced overall behavioral sensitization in female rats, with increased locomotion and stereotypies. In detailed analysis, ovariectomized rats showed no locomotor sensitization; however, the sensitization of stereotypies was maintained. Only females with endogenous estradiol and progesterone demonstrated increased locomotor activity after cocaine challenge. Estradiol replacement enhanced stereotyped behaviors after repeated cocaine administration. Cocaine sensitization of stereotyped behaviors in female rats was reduced after progesterone replacement, either alone or concomitant with estradiol. The behavioral responses (locomotion and stereotypy) to cocaine were affected differently, depending on whether the female hormones were of an endogenous or exogenous origin. Therefore, hormonal cycling appears to be an important factor in the sensitization of females. Although estradiol increases the risk of cocaine sensitization, progesterone warrants further study as a pharmacological treatment in the prevention of psychostimulant abuse.

[ effect of intrathecal administration of cocaine and serotonergic antagonist [cyproheptadine] on nociception in rat]

Cocaine by effect on central nervous system inhibits reuptake of monoamines [serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine] to presynaptic terminal and increases their concentration. Monoamines such as serotonin cause analgesia at the spinal level. This study investigates the effects of systemic and spinal administration of cocaine on pain sensation and the relation between these effects and serotonin. Male Wistar rats [200-250g] were set in groups: saline [i.p], saline/DMSO [i.p], cocaine 25mg/kg [i.p], saline [i.t], saline/DMSO [i.t], cocaine 100micro g/10 micro l [i.t], cyproheptadine 33 micro g/10 micro l [i.t.] and cyproheptadine 33 micro g/10 micro l/cocaine 100 micro g/10 micro l [i.t]. Tail flick latency was measured before and after administration. Intraplantar formalin was used for induction of chemical pain. The data was analyzed by T-Test and ANOVA. Pain in both phases of formalin test was reduced in both cocaine 25mg/kg [i.p] [P<0.01] and cocaine 100 micro g/10 micro l [i.t.] [P<0.01]. However, in cyproheptadine 33 micro g/10 micro l [i.t], was increased in the first phase [P<0.01]. In cyproheptadine 33 micro g/10 micro l/cocaine 100 micro g/10 micro l [i.t.], the part of pain reduction induced by cocaine was reversed, in both phases [P<0.01]. In tail flick test the results of cyproheptadine 33 micro g/10 micro l [i.t.] showed reduced tail flick latency [P<0.001]. Inhibition of serotonin reuptake at the spinal level plays role in analgesic effects of cocaine probably, because release of serotonin from the spinal serotonergic terminals causes inhibition of pain neurons and reduction of pain. In addition, inhibition of spinal serotonin receptors by cyproheptadine reduced part of analgesic effects of cocaine probably

Dependencia a ketamina y cocaína: reporte de un caso / Ketamine and cocaine dependence: a case report

Presentamos un caso de un paciente varón de 21 años de edad, quien tiene una historia de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, con criterios de dependencia a cocaína y ketamina, además de probables desórdenes psiquiátricos relacionados. La ketamina es un anestésico considerado dentro de las drogas de club, produce un cuadro de dependencia severo y su uso se ha incrementado en los últimos años.

We report a case of a 21 years old male patient, who has a history of psychoactive substance use, with cocaine and ketamine dependence criteria, and also probable related psychiatric disorders. Ketamine, is an anesthetic considered within the club drugs that produces a frame of severe dependence and its use has increased in recent years.

Descriptive epidemiology of cases of acute myocardial infarction in Tobago / Epidemiología descriptiva de casos de infarto agudo del miocardio en Tobago

OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study is to identify co-morbidities associated with acute myocardial infarction in Tobago. METHODS: This was a longitudinal retrospective study of myocardial infarction at the Tobago Regional Hospital in two selected periods: January 2007 to April 2007 and January 2008 to April 2008. Data were retrieved from the patients' medical records. These included co-morbid conditions eg hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia, ESRD, whether history of smoking or cocaine use and if any prior care. In the former period, 11 cases were confirmed as having myocardial infarction and 27 cases in the latter period. RESULTS: In 2007 and 2008, all cases had dyslipidaemia (LDL > 100 mg/dL) and were hypertensive. There were 36.4% of cases in 2007 that had diabetes mellitus, compared to 33.3% cases in 2008 and 9.1% had chronic kidney disease in 2007, compared to 25.9% in 2008. CONCLUSION: The most common co-morbidities associated with acute myocardial infarction in Tobago are dyslipidaemia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, with ESRD, smoking and cocaine use less so. Many of these patients had never received prior care.

OBJETIVOS: El objeto de este estudio fue identificar las comorbilidades asociadas con el infarto agudo del miocardio en Tobago. METÓDOS: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo longitudinal del infarto del miocardio en el Hospital Regional de Tobago, en dos períodos: enero de 2007 a abril de 2007, y enero de 2008 a abril de 2008. Los datos fueron obtenidos a partir de las historias clínicas de los pacientes. Estos datos incluyeron condiciones co-mórbidas, por ejemplo, hipertensión, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia, ERFT, historia de hábito de fumar o uso de cocaína, y cualquier atención previa del caso, si la hubiese. En el primero de estos períodos, se confirmó que 11 casos tenían infarto del miocardio, en tanto en el último caso se confirmaron 27 casos. RESULTADOS: En 2007 y 2008, todos los casos padecían de dislipidemia (LDL > 100 mg/dL) y eran hipertensos. El 36.4% de los casos en 2007 sufría de diabetes mellitus, en comparación con el 33.3% de los casos en 2008. El 9.1% tenía la enfermedad renal crónica en 2007, en comparación con el 25.9% en 2008. CONCLUSIÓN: Las comorbilidades más comunes asociadas con el infarto agudo del miocardio en Tobago son la dislipidemia, la hipertensión y la diabetes mellitus, y en menor grado la ERET, el hábito de fumar, y el consumo de cocaína. Muchos de estos pacientes no habían recibido nunca atención con anterioridad.

Estudio in vitro sobre los efectos de la cocaína sobre los tejidos duros del diente / In vitro study on the effects of cocaine on the hard tissues of the tooth

El uso de los derivados de la cocaína es un problema de salud pública en continuo crecimiento. Estas drogas son frecuentemente frotadas sobre la mucosa gingival, pero sus efectos son poco conocidos y de difícil diagnóstico. Con este trabajo se pretende demostrar in vitro, que la aplicación por frotación de la cocaína sobre la superficie dentaria produce erosión del esmalte. Se seleccionaron 30 dientes sanos, distribuidos aleatoriamente en 3 grupos, a los cuales se frotó sobre la superficie vestibular clorhidrato de cocaína, basuco y limón (grupo control) respectivamente, durante 40 semanas. Las lesiones más características observadas fueron fractura y pérdida de sustancia dura, demostrando así que la aplicación tópica y continua de drogas en cavidad bucal produce lesiones en los tejidos duros del diente(AU)

The use of cocaine derivatives is an increasingly growing public health problem. These drugs are frequently rubbed on the gingival mucosa, but their efffects are little known and difficult to be diagnosed. This paper pretends to prove in vitro that the rubbing of cocaine on the dental surface produces enamel erosion. 30 healthy teeth were selected and distributed at random into 3 groups that were rubbed cocaine hydrochloride, bazuko and lemon (control group) on the vestibular surface, respectively, during 40 weeks. The most observed characteristic lesions were fracture and loss of the dental hard substance, which showed that the topical and continual application of drugs on the oral cavity causes lesions in the hard tissues of the tooth(AU)

Effectiveness of mouthpiece nebulization and nasal swab stick packing for topical anesthesia in awake fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of using mouthpiece nebulization and nasal swab stick packing for topical anesthesia in awake fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This was a prospective descriptive study of 30 patients with ASA I-II who underwent elective surgery and suspected of difficult intubation between March 2004 and June 2006. After 2% lidocaine 5 ml was nebulizated in a micronebulizer using oxygen 10 L/min as a driving gas through a standard mouthpiece and 10% cocaine 1 ml on cotton swab-stick was applied to the selected nostril for 15 min, fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation was done while the patient was awake. If the patient had severe gag or cough reflex, 1% lidocaine 5 ml per each time could be injected through the working channel of the fiberoptic bronchoscope. The descriptive statistics were calculated by using SPSS version 11.0. RESULTS: The success rate of awake fiberoptic nasotracheal was 100%. The mean duration of awake fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation was 119.0 +/- 76.8 sec. The responses of the patient to instrumentation during 4 periods, i.e.: passing the endotracheal tube into the nose, passing the bronchoscope into the pharynx-larynx, passing the bronchoscope into the trachea-carina and passing the endotracheal tube into the trachea were, as follows: no response in about 53.3%, 63.3%, 23.3%,and 13.3%; mild pain or reflex in about 46.7%, 10%, 70%, and 86.7%; moderate pain or reflex in about 0%, 3.3%, 6.7%, and 0%; and severe pain or reflex requiring more local anesthetic in about 0%, 23.3%, 0%, and 0%, respectively. Despite complete topical anesthesia in the majority of the patients, two patients required 5 ml more 1% lidocaine and five patients required 10 mL more of the drug through the fiberoptic bronchoscope. There was no serious complication such as hypoxemia, arrhythmia. Twenty-four patients (80%) were satisfied with mouthpiece nebulization and nasal swab packing because they felt safe, did not have pain, and were comfortable; only three patients (10%) were dissatisfied because of numbness of the tongue and difficulty in swallowing; two patients (6.7%) had no comment; and one patient (3.3%) was unable to evaluate due to unplanned tracheostomy. CONCLUSION: In the present study technique of topical anesthesia using 2% lidocaine 5 mL mouthpiece nebulization and 10% cocaine 1 mL soaked nasal swab stick packing is useful and safe for awake fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation in patients with suspected difficult intubation. 76.7% of the patient did not require more local anesthesia and 80% were satisfied with this technique.

Behavioral changes induced by cocaine in mice are modified by a hyperlipidic diet or recombinant leptin

The objective of the present study was to determine if the acute behavioral effects of cocaine acutely administered intraperitoneally (ip) at doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg on white male CF1 mice, 90 days of age, would be influenced by leptin acutely administered ip (at doses of 5, 10 and 20 æg/kg) or by endogenous leptin production enhanced by a high-fat diet. The acute behavioral effects of cocaine were evaluated in open-field, elevated plus-maze and forced swimming tests. Results were compared between a group of 80 mice consuming a balanced diet and a high-fat diet, and a group of 80 mice fed a commercially available rodent chow formula (Ralston Purina) but receiving recombinant leptin (rLeptin) or saline ip. Both the high-fat-fed and rLeptin-treated mice showed decreased locomotion in the open-field test, spent more time in the open arms of the elevated plus-maze and showed less immobility time in the forced swimming test (F(1,68) = 7.834, P = 0.007). There was an interaction between diets and cocaine/saline treatments in locomotion (F(3,34) = 3.751, P = 0.020) and exploration (F(3,34) = 3.581, P = 0.024). These results suggest that anxiolytic effects and increased general activity were induced by leptin in cocaine-treated mice and that low leptin levels are associated with behavioral depression. Chronic changes in diet composition producing high leptin levels or rLeptin treatment may result in an altered response to cocaine in ethologic tests that measure degrees of anxiety and depression, which could be attributed to an antagonistic effect of leptin.

Efeitos hemodinâmicos sistêmicos e regionais da cocaína em cães anestesiados com halotano e sevoflurano / Systemic and regional hemodynamic effects of cocaine in dogs anesthetized with halothane and sevoflurane

O abuso da cocaína é frequente, podendo levar a óbito por arritmias cardíacas (fibrilação ventricular) infarto agudo do miocárdio (espasmos nas coronárias). Entretanto, é pouco conhecido o efeito da cocaína na perfusão do território esplâncnico e na mucosa gastrointestinal tem sido implicada na gênese da sepse e disfunção de múltiplos órgãos e sistemas. Fato este, atualmente bem explorado através da tonomeria gástrica, podendo assim melhorar o prognóstico na terapêutica em pacientes graves. /We made a transversal study in a homogeneous group of rheumatic patients with chronic severe aortic regurgitation. We determined plasma levels of the following proinflamatory cytokines : Tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF ) and its soluble receptors type I and II ( sTNFR I and sTNFR II ), Interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) and its soluble receptor ( IL-6R ), interleukin-1 beta ( IL-1 beta ), antagonist of the IL-1 receptor ( IL1-RA ) and endothelin-1. The -308 genetic polimorphism os the TNF gene was made. Plasma levels of TNF, IL-6 and sTNFRI were increased in asymptomatic and symptomatic in relation to controls. There were similar levels of cytokines in asymptromatic and symptomatic patients. The polimorphism TNF 1/2 was more frequent in asymptomatic patients. Increase of ventricular diameters was correlated to decrease...

Colitis isquémica inducida por cocaína: caso clínico / Ischemic colitis caused by cocaine abuse: report of one case

We report a 29 years old male, with a history of cocaine abuse and excessive alcohol intake, who was admitted to the hospital with an acute peritonitis. The patient was operated and multiple perforations of the cecum were found. A right hemicolectomy was performed and the pathological study of the surgical piece showed an ischemic colitis. A literature review reveals 22 reported cases of ischemic colitis associated to cocaine abuse

Efecto de la cocaína sobre los niveles de Gamma-aminobutirato glutamato y aspartato en el núcleo accumbens e hipocampo de rata / Effects of cocaine on Gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamate and aspartate levels in rat nucleus accumbens and hippocampus

Se estudiaron los efectos agudos y crónicos de la cocaína sobre niveles de gamma-aminobutirato (GABA), glutamato y aspartato en el núcleo accumbens e hipocampo de ratas, para lo cual se administró cocaína en forma aguda y crónica (intraperitoneal) a grupos de ratas. El primer grupo recibió 30 mg/kg; la administración crónica se inició con 30 mg/kg y se encrementaron 5 mg/kg cada cuatro días durante 20 días. Los grupos controles recibieron el respectivo volúmen de solución salina, por la misma vía y por el tiempo respectivo. A los 30 minutos de administrada la cocaína en forma aguda y 24 horas después de la última dosis crónica, los animales fueron decapitados, los cerebros separados rápidamente del cráneo y colocados en solución salina normal a 0ºC durante 10 minutos. Posteriormente, se tomaron muestras del núcleo accumbens y del hipocampo. Se procedió igual con los grupos controles. Los niveles de GABA, glutamato y aspartato se determinaron utilizando técnicas enzimáticas y medidas espectrofotométricas. Los resultados muestran que la administración aguda o crónica de cocaína incrementa significativamente el glutamato y el aspartato tanto en el núcleo accumbens como en el hipocampo. Además, se observó un descenso significativo del GABA con la administración crónica. Estos resultados experimentales sustentan la hipótesis de que la administración de cocaína produce efectos excitadores, posiblemtne, a través del incremento de las actividades gluta-aspartatérgicas o a través de una disminución de actividad GABAérgica en el núcleo accumbens y en el hipocampo

Exposição pré-natal á cocaína: revisão dos efeitos neurocomportamentais / Prenatal expoure to cocaine: review of the neurobehavioral effects

Objetivos: Estudar a exposição pré-natal à cocaína com ênfase nos seus efeitos neurocomportamentais. Métodos: Revisão bibliográfica dos últimos 15 anos, abordando o tema por meio do sistema Medline e procura direta. Resultados e conclusões: Conforme os dados da literatura mundial, a exposição pré-natal à cocaína apresenta uma incidência de até 13,5 por cento e os efeitos no recém-nascido são em grande parte sobre o desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso. Os pediatras e as subespecialidades pediátricas devem conhecer as conseqüências da exposição a fim de poder diagnosticar a alterar o prognóstico a alterar o prognóstico dessas criança

El uso indebido de drogas en ciudades bolivianas(estudio urbano, año 2000, cuadros estadisticos) / The undue use of drugs in Bolivian cities (I study urban, year 2000, statistical squares)

Contiene: Introduccion y aspectos metodologicos; analisis de correspondencia; algunas indicaciones para la interpretacion de los cuadros; resultados Bolivia Urbana, alcohol, tabaco; marihuana; inhalables; pasta base de cocaina; clorhidrato de cocaina; alucinogenos;el uso indebido de drogas, bolivia Urbana; Sucre, La Paz, Cochabamba; Oruro; Potosí, Tarija; Santa Cruz; Trinidad, Cobija, El Alto; Quillacollo; Sacaba;Montero, Riberalta; Guayanamerin; Yacuiba, Villazon

Muertes relacionadas con cocaína en Costa Rica durante 1996 / Relation death of cocaine in Costa Rica during 1996

Los huesos antiguos son una buena fuente de ADN, útil en muchos casos para el análisis forense, Los huesos antiguos son una buena fuente de ADN, útil en muchos casos para el análisis forense,El consumo de cocaína en Costa Rica es un problema creciente y muchas de las muertes pueden ser causadas por situaciones en las cuales la droga está involucrada. En este estudio todas las autopsias médico legales hechas en 1996 en este país fueron analizadas con el objeto de determinar la mortalidad y por lo tanto el impacto que ella genera en la sociedad costarricense. Palabras clave: cocaína, drogadicción, muerte súbita

Pasta base de cocaína / Paste bases of cocaine

En Bolivia se habla de drogas ilícitas, se habla principalmente de marihuana ,pasta de cocaína y clorhidrato de cocaína,principalmente.Los establecimientos educativos, en cualquier parte del mundo deberian ser considerados como parte del sistema protector del individuo, dada su finalidad,en Bolivia ya se detecto un porcentaje apreciable en el consumo de drogas.A partie de este hecho,hablando científicamente, se hace necesario mantener programas,planes y proyectos sostenidos de precencion del uso indebido de drogas.(au)

O cloridrato de cocaína na prenhez de ratas: estudo da síndrome de abstinência na mäe e fetos / Cocaine in rats pregnancy: study of abstinence syndrome on mother and fetus

Avaliou-se o efeito da cocaína em 24 ratas da linhagem Wistar e em seus filhotes recém-nascidos. As ratas foram divididas em três grupos: oito receberam 15 por cento da DL50 (Grupo D1), oito receberam 30 por cento da DL50 (Grupo D2) e oito serviram como controle (Grupo C). A droga foi aplicada na cavidade peritoneal das ratas, durante toda a prenhez. No grupo controle administrou-se soluçäo salina isotônica. O dia do nascimento foi considerado dia "1". Foram avaliados o ganho de peso dos recém-nascidos mortos até o décimo dia, a média de individuos das ninhadas no décimo dia após o nascimento, as incidências de canibalismo, convulsäo e de diarréia (mäes e filhotes) nos dez dias que se seguiram ao parto. Nasceram 81 ratos no Grupo controle, 83 no Grupo D1 e 56 no Grupo D2. Estas diferenças foram estatisticamente significantes (F=4,25 e p=0,028). A cocaína influenciou o número de filhotes mortos até o décimo dia de vida (x2=15,5 e p<0,0001), com maior número no Grupo D2. A droga näo teve influência na incidência materna de convulsäo, diarréia e tremor no período da gestaçäo ou pós-parto. A temperatura retal das ratas nåo sofreu alteraçöes em decorrência da administraçäo da cocaína. Quanto os recém-nascidos, a droga näo influenciou o ganho de peso nos 10 primeiros dias de vida.

Estómago de retención por estenosis antral en un consumidor y transporte humano de cocaína / stomach retention due to antral stenosis in a cocaine consumer and body packer

Durante ls últimas décadas el incremento del tráfico de drogas y el estricto control de aduanas ha llevado a los traficantes a idear métodos para no ser detectados por las autoridades. Uno de ellos es la ingestión de cantidades variables de paquetes usualmente recubiertos de látex, conteniendo generalmente cocaína. Presentamos a continuación, el caso de transporte humano que a su vez es también consumidor; el cual ingresa a la emergencia del Hospital "José María Vargas", Caracas, presentando estómago de retención, seis días después de haber ingerido treinta y seis paquetes de cocaína. Señalamos los riesgos de la población consumidora, de los transportes humanos y también hacemos consideraciones acerca de la etiopatogenia de la enfermedad ulcero-péptica por la elevada incidencia de perforación gastrointestinal aguda asociada al uso de "Crack"

Variaciones en la opinión (y actitudes) de los bolivianos sobre el problema del tráfico ilícito de drogas (Población Urbana 1992-1995) / Variations in the opinion (and actitudes) of bolivians about the problem of un law the drug traffic (urban population 1992-1995)

El presente volumen traduce el cambio en la actitud y comportamiento del público boliviano en lo referente al problema de las drogas ilícitas, entre 1992 y 1996. Por lo tanto es un indicador de la evolución que ha sufrido la manera de pensar de los habitantes de este país con respecto a este problema